Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Feb 28, 2023 14:30:59 GMT
Mostly a 'proof of concept' and the interesting bit is 'renewable hydrogen in metal hydride'. ... exporting renewable hydrogen in metal hydride storagewww.lavo.com.au/blog/marubeni-lavo-exporting-hydrogenAlso since 'grid' issues keeps popping up then here is a Scottish project that is.. well... hard to believe is being built (and I'm a pretty big fan of H2, just think solar in Scotland* is woof, woof). However, if you do build solar farms (eg as a hybrid add-on to wind farms) in places like Scotland** then I guess they do get most of their sun in the Summer - a time when 'excess supply' is likely to fairly frequent. I'm certainly not suggesting offshore wind farms in the North N.Sea add some solar panels but since solar panels are very cheap then I wouldn't rule out someone giving it a go (and maybe using some batteries to help smooth out 'hybrid' supply to maximise the utilisation of the electrolysers - before sending the H2 along repurposed nat.gas pipelines to the mainland) www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/whitelee_solar_hydrogen_bess_.aspx* Some places are a lot sunnier than Scotland and an example of what Saudi are up to:
"Leveraging the kingdom’s unique wind and solar profiles, this multi-billion-dollar plant will run on around 4GW of wind and solar energy and produce green hydrogen using 2.2GW electrolysis technology...Once the plant at Oxagon is operational in 2026, 100% of the green hydrogen produced by NGHC will be available for global export, in the form of green ammonia"hydrogen-central.com/neom-green-hydrogen-company-gets-saudi-operating-licence/** Added. Actually not as bad as I expected but quite clearly a very large seasonal 'mismatch' (although it is usually a lot less windy in the Summer as well so if they think it makes it sense then 'bon chance') 55.743574°, -004.187514° Whitelee, East Kilbride, Scotland, Attachment Deleted |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 3, 2023 13:17:22 GMT
|
|
c-a-r-f-r-e-w
Member
A step on the way toward the demise of the liberal elite? Or just a blip…
Posts: 6,711
Member is Online
|
Post by c-a-r-f-r-e-w on Mar 3, 2023 13:42:06 GMT
yes that’s interesting… mentioned a while back they use it for some submarines and it might be a possibility to use hydrides more widely for hydrogen storage in the future, but didn’t know they might be able to use it more immediately. Be interesting to know cost and energy density to see how good it is, but didn’t find much on it. |
|
c-a-r-f-r-e-w
Member
A step on the way toward the demise of the liberal elite? Or just a blip…
Posts: 6,711
Member is Online
|
Post by c-a-r-f-r-e-w on Mar 3, 2023 13:47:24 GMT
That’s an interesting question. If you have some leccy you aren’t using for the grid, you might store it in a battery for when electrolyses are about to be idle. But then at other times the battery might be idle or only partially charged. Partly depends on relative costs of batteries and electrolysers etc., but least an electrolyser can produce something. Or you might use interconnectors instead, but then if the folks we sell the leccy to make more money by using the leccy to make hydrogen or summat else, maybe we might do that ourselves instead. Esp. if leccy prices fall quite a lot. Using interconnectors adds to the 'cost' so, assuming no/equal subsidies, then it would be better for any country* to use a lot of it's own surplus for domestic industry (eg green steel for domestic use or export) or 'value-add' exports like green hydrogen (in whatever form) rather than export 'raw' leccy. The reason being that we'd 'usually' be trying to export 'raw' leccy (a highly perishable good it's in 'raw' form) at the same time as likes of Denmark+co have surplus leccy on their grid (given we're all looking to build loads more wind farms in the Dogger Bank area of the Southern N.Sea). Leccy prices are likely to be very choppy in the future** and I'm looking forward to seeing some more frequent -ve prices again later this year. Well in theory, if we keep adding more generation then it might drive the price of leccy down, but that depends on things like whether they negotiate decent contracts or whether capital has the power to dictate terms more to its liking, as we have left it to the private sector rather. |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 3, 2023 13:49:12 GMT
NG once again focusing on GB not burning much coal but when we just end up importing German electricity generated from coal (via France, Netherlands and Belgium interconnectors) then that is 'Greenwashing' via dodgy carbon accounting. Total and net imports of electricity increased on January (change) Total Imports: 2,942GWh (+99 GWh) Net Imports: 2,411GWh (+439 GWh) www.nationalgrideso.com/electricity-explained/electricity-and-me/great-britains-monthly-electricity-statsWe were a net exporter in 2022. This year is off to a very bad start.  |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 3, 2023 14:08:56 GMT
Using interconnectors adds to the 'cost' so, assuming no/equal subsidies, then it would be better for any country* to use a lot of it's own surplus for domestic industry (eg green steel for domestic use or export) or 'value-add' exports like green hydrogen (in whatever form) rather than export 'raw' leccy. The reason being that we'd 'usually' be trying to export 'raw' leccy (a highly perishable good it's in 'raw' form) at the same time as likes of Denmark+co have surplus leccy on their grid (given we're all looking to build loads more wind farms in the Dogger Bank area of the Southern N.Sea). Leccy prices are likely to be very choppy in the future** and I'm looking forward to seeing some more frequent -ve prices again later this year. Well in theory, if we keep adding more generation then it might drive the price of leccy down, but that depends on things like whether they negotiate decent contracts or whether capital has the power to dictate terms more to its liking, as we have left it to the private sector rather. 'Neoliberal' approach has left the 'building' aspect of all the various components to the private sector but the private sector won't invest in the big components unless they get long-term contracts. Shapps is IMO a really bad choice for the person in charge of 'delivery'. We need a lot more coordination and action from HMG covering everything from electricity generation to 'big' users. EG1: N.Wales. New Wyfla would use pre-existing transmission capacity so 'get on with it'. EG2: S.Wales. The Celtic Freeport isn't essential but building wind farms in GB's EEZ part of the Celtic Sea will provide cheap leccy for heavy industry in S.Wales EG3: The XLinks inteconnector project would connect into Devon - very close to where JLR can be persuaded to build a gigafactory (matching up someone who can provide cheap supply to a big end user). The competition for that plant is Spain* who are trying to lure businesses with promises of cheap leccy. I'm certainly not against HMG taking an 'investor' role in delivering some projects but there is no excuse for 'dither+delay' that is deterring investment; losing (not creating) jobs; reducing tax revenues and keeping our energy bills higher than they should be. * Bit fishy given that their EU based plants (iPace in Austria and some other stuff in Slovakia) isn't in Spain - well not yet, but the way CON HMG 'dither+delay' then JLR might well decide to move everything out of UK. |
|
|
|
Post by leftieliberal on Mar 3, 2023 18:38:27 GMT
Some slightly better news from the International Energy Agency: www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/02/co2-emissions-may-be-starting-to-plateau-global-energy-watchdog-ieaThe IEA found global energy-related CO2 emissions grew in 2022 by 0.9%, or 321m tonnes, reaching a new high of more than 36.8bn tonnes. It noted that this rate was below that of economic growth, suggesting countries were successfully “decoupling” economic growth from emissions.
The growth of renewable energy and clean technology reduced emissions by about 550m tonnes, the IEA said. |
|
c-a-r-f-r-e-w
Member
A step on the way toward the demise of the liberal elite? Or just a blip…
Posts: 6,711
Member is Online
|
Post by c-a-r-f-r-e-w on Mar 4, 2023 1:26:25 GMT
Well in theory, if we keep adding more generation then it might drive the price of leccy down, but that depends on things like whether they negotiate decent contracts or whether capital has the power to dictate terms more to its liking, as we have left it to the private sector rather. 'Neoliberal' approach has left the 'building' aspect of all the various components to the private sector but the private sector won't invest in the big components unless they get long-term contracts. Shapps is IMO a really bad choice for the person in charge of 'delivery'. We need a lot more coordination and action from HMG covering everything from electricity generation to 'big' users. EG1: N.Wales. New Wyfla would use pre-existing transmission capacity so 'get on with it'. EG2: S.Wales. The Celtic Freeport isn't essential but building wind farms in GB's EEZ part of the Celtic Sea will provide cheap leccy for heavy industry in S.Wales EG3: The XLinks inteconnector project would connect into Devon - very close to where JLR can be persuaded to build a gigafactory (matching up someone who can provide cheap supply to a big end user). The competition for that plant is Spain* who are trying to lure businesses with promises of cheap leccy. I'm certainly not against HMG taking an 'investor' role in delivering some projects but there is no excuse for 'dither+delay' that is deterring investment; losing (not creating) jobs; reducing tax revenues and keeping our energy bills higher than they should be. * Bit fishy given that their EU based plants (iPace in Austria and some other stuff in Slovakia) isn't in Spain - well not yet, but the way CON HMG 'dither+delay' then JLR might well decide to move everything out of UK. This new world of more state intervention is possibly going against the grain a bit for some of them, and maybe they need to employ some more Kate Bingham-style people to make things happen well and quickly. They need to speed up because the US are getting into gear now and the EU might be following suit. We have strengths in some areas but can’t mess about. Read the other day that how long it took in licensing the space launch may cause business to look elsewhere. |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 4, 2023 9:23:07 GMT
Scotland is not my polity but we can copy good ideas from others. Looks like Energy is being discussed in the leadership hustings and that is throwing out some options. EG: Scotland should have equity stake in new ScotWind round, says Yousafwww.independent.co.uk/business/scotland-should-have-equity-stake-in-new-scotwind-round-says-yousaf-b2293944.htmlImportant to note that the current 'lease' arrangement is like collecting rent and puts the risk (and rewards) on the private sector who buy the leases, then build and operate the wind farms - usually on CfD contracts*. An 'equity' stake would mean the fees from the lease aspect would drop (possibly to zero) but would provide possibility of 'dividends' and capital gain. Another thing to note is that recent electricity prices are likely to drop but the capital cost of building wind farms has gone up. At the moment the risk is all on the generator, although they can refuse to build a project. Some are wanting to renegotiate their contracts (and/or get different forms of 'help').
Orsted says huge UK Hornsea 3 wind project at risk without government actionwww.reuters.com/business/energy/orsted-says-huge-uk-hornsea-3-wind-project-risk-without-government-action-2023-03-03/I'm certainly not against 'equity stakes' or even some state owned projects, provided people understand that the current 'lease' approach gives 'risk-free' income where as owning/operating might have higher rewards but also means higher risk. UK Govts (and French state owned EDF) have historically been pretty crap at delivering projects either at the original budgeted cost or on the proposed timescale (eg HS2, Hinckley Point C). So whilst I like the idea of taxpayers enjoying more of the upside, I just want to ensure people appreciate it comes with higher risks as well. * Which set a much lower £/MWh for wind farms than stuff like nuclear due to the intermittent nature of wind and the 'issues' that causes in finding electricity for when it's not windy enough (and sometimes having to pay curtailment fees when it is too windy) |
|
Danny
Member
Posts: 10,355
|
Post by Danny on Mar 6, 2023 7:56:32 GMT
On the South Coast of Wales then Crabb and Kinnock are teaming up to push 'Celtic Freeport' which is a #nobrainer that is still waiting on a decision (due soon apparently but don't hold your breathe) Do you mean only someone with no brain would be creating freeports because they simply draw existing business into regions where the same companies pay no tax? Sure, a brilliant way to give away more state money to the rich! |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 6, 2023 8:46:23 GMT
On the South Coast of Wales then Crabb and Kinnock are teaming up to push ' Celtic Freeport' which is a #nobrainer that is still waiting on a decision (due soon apparently but don't hold your breathe) Do you mean only someone with no brain would be creating freeports because they simply draw existing business into regions where the same companies pay no tax? Sure, a brilliant way to give away more state money to the rich! The 'simple' case for Freeports is indeed that they simply draw existing (and future) business into regions* The six regions widely considered Celtic nations are Brittany (Breizh), Cornwall (Kernow), Ireland (Éire), the Isle of Man (Mannin, or Ellan Vannin), Scotland (Alba), and Wales (Cymru)The Celtic Sea being the area between the Celtic nations - where 'future' stuff like floating wind farms will be built in each country's EEZ (and hence very close to each other, with very high weather correlation between Irish wind farms and Welsh wind farms in the stretch of sea between the two countries). For 'existing' stuff then I'd like Welsh Steel to get cheap source of electricity and get some extra 'help' to stay in Port Talbot (and note the x-party consensus) Businesses pay a lot less tax in RoI than they would normally pay in Wales - hence with a 'Freeport' (various bungs, not just tax) they might decide to create jobs and tax revenues in Wales rather than RoI/elsewhere. I've ANFIW in what you want but yes, I want Wales to draw existing/future business into Wales away from RoI/elsewhere. IMO we need to end the 'neoliberal' model but you are of course entitled to your own opinion. It that simple enough for you? * The regions ideally being ones we want to 'Level Up' although factors such as location are obviously important as well. Free'Ports' don't have to be on the coastal ports but I've wasted more than enough time replying to you already. NB It was a mistake to open your post even on the Issue Specific thread. I should have just hidden it again as soon as I saw who it was from. |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 6, 2023 20:31:06 GMT
|
|
|
|
Post by alec on Mar 6, 2023 22:17:23 GMT
We need to end the neoliberal model!
Lets give big business more tax breaks in freeports!
Sigh. I don't even think they realise what they're actually saying most of the time.
|
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 7, 2023 8:52:32 GMT
|
|
|
|
Post by alec on Mar 7, 2023 11:08:06 GMT
|
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 7, 2023 13:19:42 GMT
|
|
|
|
Post by leftieliberal on Mar 7, 2023 14:55:46 GMT
A more basic problem, however, is how to dispose of this contaminated biomass. Some have suggested using it as a fertiliser, but the heavy metals it contains – particularly arsenic – make it dangerous to feed to plants.Equally, if one puts it in an anerobic digester, arsine gas (arsenic trihydride) will be emitted. One can understand why the preferred approach is to dump it in the deep ocean, but that in itself ties up phosphorous which is a vital element for life as well.
|
|
|
|
Post by leftieliberal on Mar 7, 2023 15:57:49 GMT
|
|
c-a-r-f-r-e-w
Member
A step on the way toward the demise of the liberal elite? Or just a blip…
Posts: 6,711
Member is Online
|
Post by c-a-r-f-r-e-w on Mar 7, 2023 16:24:08 GMT
|
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 7, 2023 17:30:13 GMT
EU27 shouldn't be a 'one size fits all'. Rooftop solar, heat pumps (+batteries) can and should be the best approach for 'Southern Europe' but N.Europe (which includes UK, although we obviously don't have to follow EC rules) has less sun in Winter, colder Winters, etc. Similar to Scholz announcing 17-21GW* of 'gas' fired plants then a risk I expect we share is that whilst they say 'hydrogen-ready' then with nat.gas prices dropping then the 'economics' will mean nat.gas is cheaper - so we'll see 'Climate Delay' www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/germany-build-gas-fired-power-plants-be-operated-with-hydrogen-scholz-2023-03-07/* Given they currently use a lot of coal and don't want to build new nuclear then they do need a lot of gas-fired plants to deal with the intermittency issue of renewables and the seasonal issue. If they go for mostly electric for heating then they'll need to build more hydrogen capacity to make electricity. Using hydrogen for heating (as we might do in some cases in UK) might be a better option than burning a lot of hydrogen to make electricity. In UK the 'plan' is to retrofit existing CCGT to burn some hydrogen in 'peaker plants' but they'd likely only be used in Winter and even then not all day, every day (% use and capacity utilisation all covered previously). Germany is not my polity but it is a shame they can work with just a few other countries to block stuff for the whole of the EU27. |
|
|
|
Post by leftieliberal on Mar 7, 2023 18:30:28 GMT
www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-64879044"However, plans to use the so-called demand flexibility service - which pays people to use less electricity - have been set aside." It is interesting that they are powering up old coal plants rather then using demand flexibility; it suggests National Grid don't have that much confidence in the latter.
|
|
|
|
Post by leftieliberal on Mar 7, 2023 18:34:23 GMT
Yes, I picked that up from Sabine Hossenfelder's video. |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 8, 2023 7:45:20 GMT
www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-64879044"However, plans to use the so-called demand flexibility service - which pays people to use less electricity - have been set aside." It is interesting that they are powering up old coal plants rather then using demand flexibility; it suggests National Grid don't have that much confidence in the latter. Although 'demand flexibility' does just shift the demand for a short (eg few hours) period. With the issues in France* then we needed to increase supply and I note we stood down 2/4 of the coal plants. However, yes, despite getting excited about 'demand flexibility' it didn't appear to do much to even reduce the 2hr peak. Too small a carrot and missing the 'stick' IMO (as mentioned before). * Strikes and other issues again show the foolishness of relying on other countries and how desperately we need medium-long term storage to start being built at much larger scale. France has been importing up to 14GW(h/h) of electricity due to their 'domestic' issues and likes of Germany, etc have been burning a lot more coal to help France out (some of which is then re-exported to UK but uses 'dodgy' carbon accounting) www.rte-france.com/en/eco2mix/power-generation-energy-sourceapp.electricitymaps.com/zone/DE |
|
Mr Poppy
Member
Teaching assistant and now your elected PM
Posts: 3,774
|
Post by Mr Poppy on Mar 8, 2023 9:33:15 GMT
One political party in UK was pleased to see the EC-EU news. I'd have been a bit worried that UK let's the 2030 target slip if CON were likely to still be in power. Starmer-LAB are making some unrealistic promises and there is a massive amount of investment required to ensure we are ready to ban sales of new ICE cars by 2030 but I'm fairly confident that LAB will keep, and meet, that target.
?
|
|
c-a-r-f-r-e-w
Member
A step on the way toward the demise of the liberal elite? Or just a blip…
Posts: 6,711
Member is Online
|
Post by c-a-r-f-r-e-w on Mar 8, 2023 11:19:20 GMT
Yes, I picked that up from Sabine Hossenfelder's video. Well if Sabine has done something on it I shall have to check it out. I found out about it in the Telegraph as it happens. Supposedly the tech can also work with sodium as well as Lithium, but haven’t had time to check it out yet |
|
|
|
Post by leftieliberal on Mar 8, 2023 12:03:54 GMT
Yes, I picked that up from Sabine Hossenfelder's video. Well if Sabine has done something on it I shall have to check it out. I found out about it in the Telegraph as it happens. Supposedly the tech can also work with sodium as well as Lithium, but haven’t had time to check it out yet Generally, anything chemical that works with lithium will also work with sodium because they are both alkali metals; the difference will come from the sodium ions being larger, so you expect sodium ions to diffuse through a membrane slower than lithium ions. |
|
|
|
Post by lens on Mar 8, 2023 12:48:03 GMT
Yes, I picked that up from Sabine Hossenfelder's video. I urge caution with such announcements, if I had a pound for every "battery breakthrough" there's been a press release about i'd be a very rich man. Too often a team will make an undeniable advance but find other factors mean it's not the "breakthrough" that it may at first appear. Not without a lot of extra research anyway. It may have (say) a much higher energy density - but a low cycle lifetime. Or be too expensive for most applications. Or have severe linits of charge/discharge speed. Or......... Or worse. I don't know if you are familiar with the whole sorry Nikola trucks and Trevor Milton saga, but a few years ago they made huge claims for "new tech" they had which promised to be revolutionary. Perhaps surprisingly, the press release is still available on the Nikola website: nikolamotor.com/press_releases/nikola-corporation-to-unveil-game-changing-battery-cell-technology-at-nikola-world-2020-67PHOENIX, AZ November 19, 2019 - Nikola Corporation is excited to announce details of its new battery that has a record energy density of 1,100 watt-hours per kg on the material level and 500 watt-hours per kg on the production cell level. The Nikola prototype cell is the first battery that removes binder material and current collectors, enabling more energy storage within the cell. It is also expected to pass nail penetration standards, thus reducing potential vehicle fires.This battery technology could increase the range of current EV passenger cars from 300 miles up to 600 miles with little or no increase to battery size and weight. The technology is also designed to operate in existing vehicle conditions. Moreover, cycling the cells over 2,000 times has shown acceptable end-of-life performance.Which all sounds too good to be true!? And the trouble is - it was! In superb irony, the scammers were scammed. Trevor Milton and Nikola were taken in and defrauded by someone with fake claims, but then continued to promote the claims even after they knew them to be fake. Which is one of the reasons Trevor Milton has been found guilty of fraud and is now awaiting sentencing to what is expected to be a lengthy prison sentence. I am *not* saying that is the case here, and the same with the great majority of such announcements, but...... I urge caution against getting hopes up too high from a single press release. |
|
|
|
Post by leftieliberal on Mar 8, 2023 14:46:57 GMT
Yes, I picked that up from Sabine Hossenfelder's video. I urge caution with such announcements, if I had a pound for every "battery breakthrough" there's been a press release about i'd be a very rich man. I am *not* saying that is the case here, and the same with the great majority of such announcements, but...... I urge caution against getting hopes up too high from a single press release. It's not a press release, it's an article in the US journal Science: Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine,[1] is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science[AAAS 2][2] (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.[3] It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is over 400,000 people.[4] (from Wiklpedia) I assume that you know what the words peer-reviewed academic journal mean. |
|
c-a-r-f-r-e-w
Member
A step on the way toward the demise of the liberal elite? Or just a blip…
Posts: 6,711
Member is Online
|
Post by c-a-r-f-r-e-w on Mar 8, 2023 14:58:51 GMT
Well if Sabine has done something on it I shall have to check it out. I found out about it in the Telegraph as it happens. Supposedly the tech can also work with sodium as well as Lithium, but haven’t had time to check it out yet Generally, anything chemical that works with lithium will also work with sodium because they are both alkali metals; the difference will come from the sodium ions being larger, so you expect sodium ions to diffuse through a membrane slower than lithium ions. Well, yes they do have their chemical similarities being group 1 elements, but there are some significant differences when it comes to batteries. The sodium ion being larger affects a few things alongside transport properties: the energy density obviously, but also things like the phase stability. The larger sodium ion also leads to bigger volume changes when cycling, leading to more degradation (but the Lithium ion having a higher charge density also has polarisation issues). The electrochemistry for sodium is different affecting the electrodes (indeed sodium-ion batteries weren’t really in the frame until relatively recently when they discovered a better electrode). The solubility of lithium and sodium compounds are different affecting the electrolytes, Sodium is softer so more awkward to work with, has a lower melting point, sodium being less reducing can be useful etc. etc. |
|
c-a-r-f-r-e-w
Member
A step on the way toward the demise of the liberal elite? Or just a blip…
Posts: 6,711
Member is Online
|
Post by c-a-r-f-r-e-w on Mar 8, 2023 15:34:00 GMT
Yes, I picked that up from Sabine Hossenfelder's video. I urge caution with such announcements, if I had a pound for every "battery breakthrough" there's been a press release about i'd be a very rich man. Too often a team will make an undeniable advance but find other factors mean it's not the "breakthrough" that it may at first appear. Not without a lot of extra research anyway. It may have (say) a much higher energy density - but a low cycle lifetime. Or be too expensive for most applications. Or have severe linits of charge/discharge speed. Or......... Already looked at those things Lens, that is like batteries 101. They got a 1000 cycles without much degradation* and with a high charge/discharge rate. The thing that is critical to the high rate is for the lithium dioxide formation and decomposition to occur rapidly at room temp and they have created a novel solid state electrolyte to allow this. Obviously it isn’t a done deal and needs optimising and engineering for production but it is of interest that they actually made it work in the lab at all. It’s difficult to make it work, partly because in the transition state it usually tries to donate its electrons back to oxygen. They found a way to stop this happening. * a virtue of solid state electrolytes can be lower degradation, inhibiting the formation of dendrites etc. |
|
